Elbows

Elbow Dysplasia

 

What is elbow dysplasia?

Abnormal development of the elbow joint.

 

When do the joints finish developing?

Around 18 months to 2 years of age.

 

What are the causes of elbow dysplasia?

Genetic – a genetic abnormality or fault in the development of the joint. The joint does not develop normally.

Non-Genetic – caused by trauma, injury, over exercise, excess weight.

 

What are the signs of elbow dysplasia?

Depending on the abnormality you may see arthritis, pain, lameness, stiffness, swelling, outward rotation of the paws, reduced range of motion. ED usually affects both elbows.

 

When do the signs appear?

Usually between 5 and 10 months of age. Adults can develop signs of osteoarthritis.

What is Elbow Scoring?

An x ray is taken of the dog’s joint, and any abnormalities or changes in the joint are given points based on the scale below.

For Elbow Dysplasia, a grade is given for each elbow, the overall grade is determined by the higher of the two individual grades.

There is no difference in scoring systems between panels, so there is no comparison chart for elbows. A dog will be given one of the following grades:

0 = Radiographically normal

1 = Mild osteoarthritis

2 = Moderate or a primary lesion with no osteoarthritis

3 = Sever OA or primary lesion with osteoarthritis

 

What age can this be done?

The minimum age is 1 year.

 

What do the results mean?

The scoring is simply an assessment of the joint to give a result based on changes to the elbow. It does not provide the reason for any abnormalities or changes. A dog that has genetic ED will show a score above 0, just as a dog who has ED due to trauma will.

The elbow score of each individual dog should be considered along with other breeding criteria as part of a responsible breeding program (ref. KC 2020). A dog with a score of 1 could be considered if the other results are excellent, providing that the breeding partner has a score of 0.

Understanding Genetic Elbow Dysplasia

* Diagnosis of ED is based upon the presence of one the four types of abnormal development that may appear in the canine’s elbow:

Fragmented coronoid process – A small or large fragment of the bone breaks off and moves around inside of the elbow joint

Osteochondritis dissecans – OCD of the elbow usually occurs in young dogs, who show signs of lameness in one or both limbs

Growth rate incongruity – The radius bone and ulna bone grow at different rates

Ununited anconeal process – A bone outgrowth within the elbow becomes detached and causes irritation and degeneration

 

* Usually bilateral – this means both elbows are affected.

* Some breeds have a higher incidence of left sided ED in instances where it does not affect both elbows.

* ED is genetic. Heritability is usually expressed. This means there are almost always clinical symptoms.

* Treatment of ED is almost exclusively surgery. Non-invasive treatments are only effective as additional aids to surgery.

* A normal ED score in parents is not a guarantee that puppies will not develop ED.